Music Scholars Divide Western Art Music Into Historical Periods Yahoo

American award for musical works

The Pulitzer Prize for Music is 1 of 7 Pulitzer Prizes awarded annually in Letters, Drama, and Music. It was first given in 1943. Joseph Pulitzer arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year, and this was somewhen converted into a prize: "For a distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American that has had its beginning operation in the United States during the year."^[1]

Considering of the requirement that the composition accept its earth premiere during the year of its honour, the winning work had rarely been recorded and sometimes had received only one functioning. In 2004 the terms were modified to read, "For a distinguished musical composition past an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the twelvemonth."^[two]

History [edit]

In his volition, dated Apr sixteen, 1904, Joseph Pulitzer established almanac prizes for a number of artistic accomplishments by living Americans, including prizes for journalism, novels, plays, histories and biographies, but did not establish a prize in music, choosing instead to inaugurate an annual scholarship for, "the educatee of music in America whom the Informational Board shall deem the most talented and deserving, in order that he may continue his studies with the advantage of European teaching." The Pulitzer Prize for Music was instituted in 1943 to recognize works of: "music in its larger forms as composed by an American."^[4] The phrase "music in its larger forms" proved difficult to interpret by the informational board and by the prize'due south juries, resulting in controversies over the years.^[five] I critic of the award stated: "The Prize Board could hardly have chosen more offensive words to communicate its bulletin."^[4]

In 1965, the jury unanimously decided that no major work was worthy of the Pulitzer Prize. In lieu, they recommended a special citation exist given to Knuckles Ellington in recognition of the torso of his piece of work, simply the Pulitzer Board refused and therefore no honor was given that year.^[6] Ellington responded: "Fate is being kind to me. Fate doesn't want me to be also famous likewise young." (He was then sixty-seven years onetime.)^[seven] Despite this joke, Nat Hentoff reported that when he spoke to Ellington about the subject, he was "angrier than I'd ever seen him earlier," and Ellington said, "I'm inappreciably surprised that my kind of music is still without, let the states say, official honor at domicile. Most Americans still take information technology for granted that European-based music—classical music, if you volition—is the only really respectable kind."^[8]

In 1996, after years of internal argue, the Pulitzer Prize board announced a change in the criteria for the music prize "and then as to concenter the all-time of a wider range of American music."^[seven] The result was that the following year Wynton Marsalis became the first jazz creative person to win the Pulitzer Prize. Nevertheless, his victory was controversial because according to the Pulitzer guidelines, his winning work, a three-hour-long oratorio about slavery, "Blood on the Fields", should not have been eligible. Although a winning work was supposed to have had its first functioning during that year, Marsalis' piece premiered on April i, 1994, and its recording, released on Columbia Records, was dated 1995. Yet, the slice won the 1997 prize. Marsalis' management had submitted a "revised version" of "Blood on the Fields" which was "premiered" at Yale Academy subsequently the composer made seven small-scale changes.^[9] When asked what would make a revised work eligible, the chairman of that year's music jury, Robert Ward, said: "Not a cutting here and at that place...or a slight revision," but rather something that changed "the whole conception of the piece." After beingness read the listing of revisions made to the piece, Ward best-selling that the minor changes should not have qualified it as an eligible work, merely he said that "the list you had hither was not bachelor to us, and we did non discuss it."^[10]

9 women have been awarded the Pulitzer Prize: Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, 1983; Shulamit Ran, 1991; Melinda Wagner, 1999; Jennifer Higdon, 2010; Caroline Shaw, 2013; Julia Wolfe, 2015; Du Yun, 2017; Ellen Reid 2019; and Tania Leon 2021. In add-on to beingness the first woman to receive the award, Ellen Taaffe Zwilich was besides the commencement woman to receive a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition at the Juilliard School of Music.^[11] Du Yun is the kickoff adult female of colour who received the accolade.^{[12] [13] [xiv]} George Walker was the first African American composer to win the Prize, which he received for his work Lilacs in 1996.

In 1992 the music jury, which that twelvemonth consisted of George Perle, Roger Reynolds, and Harvey Sollberger, selected Ralph Shapey's Concerto Fantastique for the laurels. Even so, the Pulitzer Board rejected that decision and chose to requite the prize to the jury's 2d option, Wayne Peterson'southward The Face up of the Night, the Eye of the Dark. The music jury responded with a public argument stating that they had not been consulted in that decision and that the Lath was non professionally qualified to make such a decision. The Lath responded that the "Pulitzers are enhanced past having, in addition to the professional'south signal of view, the layman'south or consumer'southward point of view," and they did not rescind their decision.^[11]

In 2004, responding to criticism, Sig Gissler, the ambassador of the Pulitzer Prizes at the Columbia University School of Journalism, announced that they wanted to "broaden the prize a bit so that we tin be more assured that we are getting the full range of the best of America's music..." Jay T. Harris, a member of the Pulitzer governing lath said: "The prize should non be reserved essentially for music that comes out of the European classical tradition."^[8]

The announced rule changes included altering the jury puddle to include performers and presenters, in addition to composers and critics. Entrants are now no longer required to submit a score. Recording will also be accepted, although scores are however "strongly urged." Gissler said, "The chief thing is we're trying to keep this a serious prize. We're not trying to impaired it downwards whatever way shape or class, but nosotros're trying to augment information technology, better it...I call back the critical term here is 'distinguished American musical compositions.'"^[15] Reaction among Pulitzer Prize in Music winners has varied.

The Pulitzer Prize Advisory Lath officially appear: "Later more than than a yr of studying the Prize, now in its 61st year, the Pulitzer Prize Board declares its stiff want to consider and accolade the full range of distinguished American musical compositions—from the gimmicky classical symphony to jazz, opera, choral, musical theater, film scores and other forms of musical excellence...Through the years, the Prize has been awarded chiefly to composers of classical music and, quite properly, that has been of big importance to the arts community. Yet, despite some past efforts to augment the competition, merely once has the Prize gone to a jazz composition, a musical drama or a flick score. In the tardily 1990s, the Lath took tacit note of the criticism leveled at its predecessors for failure to cite two of the state'southward foremost jazz composers. It bestowed a Special Citation on George Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of his birth and Duke Ellington on his 1999 centennial year. Earlier, in 1976, a Special Award was made to Scott Joplin in the American Bicentennial twelvemonth. While Special Awards and Citations go along to be an of import option, the Pulitzer Board believes that the Music Prize, in its own almanac competition, should encompass the nation's array of distinguished music and hopes that the refinements in the Prize's definition, guidelines and jury membership will serve that end."^[16]

After, in 2006, a posthumous "Special Commendation" was given to jazz composer Thelonious Monk,^[17] and in 2007 the prize went to Ornette Coleman, a costless jazz composer, who won the prize for his disc Sound Grammer, a recording of a 2005 concert, making it the first time a recording won the music Pulitzer, and a first for purely improvised music.^[18]

In 2018, rapper Kendrick Lamar won the honour for his 2017 hip hop album Damn.^[19] The recording was the first musical work not in the jazz or classical genres to win the prize.^[20]

Criticism [edit]

Donald Martino, the 1974 winner, said, "If you write music long enough, sooner or later on, someone is going to take pity on yous and give you the damn thing. It is not e'er the accolade for the all-time piece of the year; it has gone to whoever hasn't gotten it before."^[21]

John Corigliano, the winner in 2001, said that although the prize was intended for music that meant something to the earth, it had become a very different kind of award, "by composers for composers" and "mired in a puddle of rotating jurors."^[ix]

Composer and music critic Kyle Gann complained in an essay well-nigh "The Uptown Prejudice Against Downtown Music" that the judges for the Pulitzer and other elevation awards for composition oftentimes included "the same seven names over and over as judges": Gunther Schuller, Joseph Schwantner, Jacob Druckman, George Perle, John Harbison, Mario Davidovsky, and Bernard Rands. Gann argued that "Downtown" composers, like himself, did non win awards because the composer-judges were all "white men, all of them coming pretty much from the same narrow Eurocentric aesthetic.... These 7 men have determined who wins the big prizes in American music for the last two decades. They have made sure that Downtown composers never win."^[22]

After winning the Pulitzer in 2003, John Adams expressed "ambiguity bordering on contempt" considering "most of the country's greatest musical minds" have been ignored in favor of academic music.^[9]

Gunther Schuller welcomed the broadening of the eligibility criteria for the prize in 2004: "This is a long overdue ocean change in the whole attitude as to what can be considered for the prize. It is an opening upwardly to dissimilar styles and non at all to unlike levels of quality."^[21] Olly Wilson agreed that the changes were "a motion in the right direction" because they acknowledge "a wider spectrum of music, including music that is not written down."^[21] Some other former prize winners disagreed. John Harbison called information technology "a horrible development", calculation, "If you were to impose a comparable standard on fiction you would be soliciting entries from the authors of airport novels."^[21] According to Donald Martino, the prize had "already begun to go in the direction of permitting less serious stuff" before the 2004 changes.^[21] Lewis Spratlan, who won the prize in 2000, also objected, proverb "The Pulitzer is 1 of the very few prizes that award artistic stardom in front-border, risk-taking music. To dilute this objective past inviting the likes of musicals and movie scores, no matter how excellent, is to undermine the distinctiveness and capability for artistic advocacy."^[21] In 2018, former winner (1970) Charles Wuorinen denounced the jury for awarding the music honor to hip-hop artist Kendrick Lamar, telling the New York Times the decision constituted: "the concluding disappearance of any societal interest in high civilization."^[23]

Winners [edit]

In its first 71 years to 2013, the Music Pulitzer was awarded 67 times; it was never dissever and no prize was given in 1953, 1964, 1965, and 1981.^[24]

1940s [edit]

• 1943: William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2: A Free Song
• 1944: Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4, Requiem
• 1945: Aaron Copland, Appalachian Bound, ballet
• 1946: Leo Sowerby, The Anthem of the Dominicus
• 1947: Charles Ives, Symphony No. 3
• 1948: Walter Piston, Symphony No. iii
• 1949: Virgil Thomson, Louisiana Story, film score

1950s [edit]

• 1950: Gian Carlo Menotti, The Delegate, opera
• 1951: Douglas Stuart Moore, Giants in the Globe, opera
• 1952: Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante
• 1953: no prize awarded
• 1954: Quincy Porter, Concerto Concertante for two pianos and orchestra
• 1955: Gian Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street, opera
• 1956: Ernst Toch, Symphony No. 3
• 1957: Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes
• 1958: Samuel Barber, Vanessa, opera
• 1959: John La Montaine, Piano Concerto No. one, Op. 9.

1960s [edit]

• 1960: Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 2
• 1961: Walter Piston, Symphony No. vii
• 1962: Robert Ward, The Crucible, opera
• 1963: Samuel Barber, Pianoforte Concerto
• 1964: no prize awarded
• 1965: no prize awarded (Encounter Knuckles Ellington)
• 1966: Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra
• 1967: Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3 for strings and electronic tape
• 1968: George Crumb, Echoes of Time and the River
• 1969: Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3

1970s [edit]

• 1970: Charles Wuorinen, Time's Encomium
• 1971: Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. six for Piano and Electronic Sound (1970)
• 1972: Jacob Druckman, Windows
• 1973: Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3
• 1974: Donald Martino, Notturno
• 1975: Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf
• 1976: Ned Rorem, Air Music
• 1977: Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder
• 1978: Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for percussion and orchestra
• 1979: Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity

1980s [edit]

Indented entries are finalists afterward each year's winner.

• 1980: David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day
  • Morton Subotnick, After the Butterfly
  • Lukas Foss, Quintets for Orchestra
• 1981: no prize awarded
• 1982: Roger Sessions, Concerto for Orchestra
• 1983: Ellen Zwilich, Three Movements for Orchestra (Symphony No. one)
  • Vivian Fine, Drama for Orchestra
• 1984: Bernard Rands, Canti del Sole
  • Peter Lieberson, Piano Concerto,
• 1985: Stephen Albert, Symphony No. 1 RiverRun
  • William Bolcom, Songs of Innocence and Experience, a Musical Illumination of the Poems of William Blake
• 1986: George Perle, Air current Quintet No. 4, for flute, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon
  • George Rochberg, Symphony No. 5
• 1987: John Harbison, The Flight into Arab republic of egypt
  • Stephen Albert, Flower of the Mountain
• 1988: William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano
  • Gunther Schuller, Concerto For Cord Quartet and Orchestra
• 1989: Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time
  • Steven Stucky, Concerto for Orchestra
  • Bright Sheng, H'united nations (Lacerations): In Memoriam 1966–1976

1990s [edit]

• 1990: Mel D. Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto
  • Ralph Shapey, Concerto for Cello, Piano, and Cord Orchestra
• 1991: Shulamit Ran, Symphony
  • Bright Sheng, 4 Movements for Piano
  • Charles Fussell, Wilde
• 1992: Wayne Peterson, The Face of the Dark, the Middle of the Dark
  • Ralph Shapey, Concerto Fantastique
• 1993: Christopher Rouse, Trombone Concerto
  • Leon Kirchner, Music for Cello and Orchestra
  • Joan Tower, Violin Concerto
• 1994: Gunther Schuller, Of Reminiscences and Reflections
  • Aaron Jay Kernis, Withal Move with Hymn
  • Charles Wuorinen, Microsymphony
• 1995: Morton Gould, Stringmusic
  • Donald Erb, Evensong
  • Andrew Imbrie, Adam
• 1996: George Walker, Lilacs, for soprano and orchestra
  • Peter Lieberson, Variations for Violin and Piano
  • Elliott Carter, Adagio tenebroso
• 1997: Wynton Marsalis, Blood on the Fields, oratorio
  • John Musto, Dove Sta Amore
  • Stanisław Skrowaczewski, Passacaglia Immaginaria
• 1998: Aaron Jay Kernis, String Quartet No. two, Musica Instrumentalis
  • John Adams, Century Rolls
  • Yehudi Wyner, Horntrio
• 1999: Melinda Wagner, Concerto for Flute, Strings, and Percussion
  • David Rakowski, Persistent Memory
  • Stanisław Skrowaczewski, Concerto for Orchestra

2000s [edit]

• 2000: Lewis Spratlan, Life Is a Dream, opera (awarded for concert version of Human activity II)
  • Donald Martino: Serenata Concertante
  • John Zorn: contes de fees
• 2001: John Corigliano, Symphony No. two, for cord orchestra
  • Stephen Hartke, Tituli
  • Fred Lerdahl, Time After Time
• 2002: Henry Brant, Ice Field
  • Peter Lieberson,: Rilke Songs
  • David Rakowski,: Ten of a Kind
• 2003: John Adams, On the Transmigration of Souls
  • Steve Reich: Three Tales
  • Paul Schoenfield: Camp Songs
• 2004: Paul Moravec, Storm Fantasy
  • Steve Reich: Cello Counterpoint
  • Peter Lieberson: Piano Concerto No. 3
• 2005: Steven Stucky, Second Concerto for Orchestra
  • Steve Reich: You lot Are (Variations)
  • Elliott Carter: Dialogues
• 2006: Yehudi Wyner, Chiavi in Mano, (piano concerto)
  • Peter Lieberson: Neruda Songs
  • Chen Yi: Si Ji (Four Seasons)
• 2007: Ornette Coleman, Sound Grammar
  • Elliot Goldenthal: Grendel
  • Augusta Read Thomas: Astral Canticle
• 2008: David Lang, The Little Match Girl Passion
  • Stephen Hartke: Meanwhile
  • Roberto Sierra: Concerto for Viola
• 2009: Steve Reich, Double Sextet
  • Don Byron: 7 Etudes for Solo Pianoforte
  • Harold Meltzer: Brion

2010s [edit]

• 2010: Jennifer Higdon, Violin Concerto
  • Fred Lerdahl: Cord Quartet No. three
  • Julia Wolfe: Steel Hammer
• 2011: Zhou Long, Madame White Snake, opera
  • Fred Lerdahl: Arches
  • Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon: Comala
• 2012: Kevin Puts, Silent Night: Opera in Two Acts
  • Tod Machover: Expiry and the Powers
  • Andrew Norman: The Companion Guide to Rome
• 2013: Caroline Shaw, Partita for eight Voices
  • Aaron Jay Kernis: Pieces of Winter Sky
  • Wadada Leo Smith: Ten Freedom Summers
• 2014: John Luther Adams, Become Ocean
  • John Adams The Gospel According to the Other Mary
  • Christopher Cerrone Invisible Cities
• 2015: Julia Wolfe, Anthracite Fields
  • Lei Liang Xiaoxiang
  • John Zorn The Aristos
• 2016: Henry Threadgill, In for a Penny, In for a Pound
  • Timo Andres The Blind Banister
  • Carter Pann The Mechanics: Six from the Shop Floor
• 2017: Du Yun, Angel'southward Bone, opera
  • Ashley Fure Leap to the Bow
  • Kate Soper Ipsa Dixit
• 2018: Kendrick Lamar, Damn, album
  • Michael Gilbertson Quartet
  • Ted Hearne Sound from the Bench
• 2019: Ellen Reid, Prism, opera
  • James Romig, Still
  • Andrew Norman, Sustain

2020s [edit]

• 2020: Anthony Davis, The Central Park Five, opera^[25]
  • Alex Weiser, and all the days were purple
  • Michael Torke, Sky: Concerto for Violin
• 2021: Tania Léon, Stride ^[26]
  • Maria Schneider, Information Lords
  • Ted Hearne, Place

Boosted citations [edit]

• 1974: Roger Sessions (1896–1985)
• 1976: Scott Joplin (1868–1917, posthumous)
• 1982: Milton Babbitt (1916–2011)
• 1985: William Schuman (1910–1992)
• 1998: George Gershwin (1898–1937, posthumous)
• 1999: Duke Ellington (1899–1974, posthumous)
• 2006: Thelonious Monk (1917–1982, posthumous)
• 2007: John Coltrane (1926–1967, posthumous)
• 2008: Bob Dylan (born 1941)
• 2010: Hank Williams (1923–1953, posthumous)
• 2019: Aretha Franklin (1942–2018, posthumous)

Repeat winners [edit]

Four people have won the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice.

• Walter Piston, 1948, 1961
• Gian Carlo Menotti, 1950, 1955
• Samuel Barber, 1958, 1963
• Elliott Carter, 1960, 1973

References [edit]

1. ^ "Music". www.pulitzer.org . Retrieved July twenty, 2019.
2. ^ "History of The Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes (pulitzer.org). Retrieved July 23, 2010.
3. ^ ^{a b} Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich and Erika J. Fischer (201). Musical Composition Awards 1943–1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner. Munich: K.G. Saur. p. L. ISBN978-3598301858 . Retrieved April 5, 2020.
4. ^ Hohenberg, John (1997). The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America'due south Greatest Prize. Syracuse: Syracuse University Printing. p. 145. ISBN978-0815603924 . Retrieved Apr five, 2020.
5. ^ Lang, Peter. "The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music". Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2010, pp. 102–103.
6. ^ ^{a b} Kaplan, Fred (April 19, 2006). "When will the Pulitzer Prize in music become it right? – Past Fred Kaplan – Slate Magazine". Slate.com. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
7. ^ ^{a b} "WSJ - Arts, Theatre, Film, Music, Books, Food, Wine, Fashion, Events - WSJ.com". Opinionjournal.com. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
8. ^ ^{a b c} "John Adams; Interviews, Articles & Essays". Earbox.com. May 6, 2003. Archived from the original on October 28, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
9. ^ "Wynton Marsalis and the Pulitzer Prize". Greg Sandow. Archived from the original on Nov 23, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
10. ^ ^{a b} "The Pulitzer Prize in Music: 1943–2002". American.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
11. ^ "Du Yun Awarded 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Music". NewMusicBox. April 10, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
12. ^ Flanagan, Andrew (April x, 2017). "Du Yun'southward 'Angel'southward Bone' Wins Pulitzer Prize For Music". NPR.org . Retrieved July xx, 2019.
13. ^ Robin, William (April 13, 2017). "What Du Yun'south Pulitzer Win Means for Women in Classical Music". Retrieved July 20, 2019 – via www.newyorker.com.
14. ^ "Eminem News – Yahoo! Music". Music.yahoo.com. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
15. ^ "The Pulitzer Prize for Music – Information technology'due south Time to Alter and Affirm". www.pulitzer.org. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
16. ^ "SPECIAL Award". www.pulitzer.org. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
17. ^ "Ornette Coleman Wins Music Pulitzer". NPR.org. April xvi, 2007. Retrieved July xx, 2019.
18. ^ "The Pulitzer Prizes Twitter". Twitter . Retrieved April 16, 2018.
19. ^ "Kendrick Lamar Wins Pulitzer Prize | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. April 16, 2018. Retrieved Apr xvi, 2018.
20. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f} Dyer, Richard (June ane, 2004). "Changes to Definition of Pulitzer for Music Spark Racket". Boston Globe. p. E2. ISSN 0743-1791. Archived from the original on July 7, 2004. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
21. ^ Gann, Kyle (April 18, 1998). "Breaking the Chain Letter: An Essay on Downtown Music". Kyle Gann: Composer and Author . Retrieved July 17, 2015. In his list of writings, Gann includes this essay under the heading "On Gann'due south music".
22. ^ "Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Charles Wuorinen dies at 81". Washington Postal service. Associated Press. March 12, 2020. Archived from the original on March xiv, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
23. ^ "Music". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
24. ^ "The Key Park Five, by Anthony Davis – The Pulitzer Prizes". www.pulitzer.org.
25. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (June 11, 2021). "Katori Hall Wins Pulitzer Prize for Drama, George Floyd Videographer Darnella Frazier Receives Special Citation".

Further reading [edit]

• Heinz Dietrich Fischer (2010). The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music: Composer Biographies, Premiere Programs and Jury Reports. Peter Lang. ISBN978-three-631-59608-1.

External links [edit]

Media related to Pulitzer Prize for Music winners at Wikimedia Eatables

• The Pulitzer Prize for Music: A Sonic Gallery

jamesasher1997.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music

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